Explain the concept of short-circuiting in JavaScript and provide an example.

Short-circuiting is a behavior in logical operations in JavaScript where the evaluation of a compound expression stops as soon as the final result is determined, without necessarily evaluating all parts of the expression. This occurs when the outcome of the entire expression can be determined by the evaluation of only a part of it.

There are two main scenarios in which short-circuiting occurs:

1. Logical AND (`&&`) Short-Circuiting:

   - If the left operand of `&&` is `false`, the right operand is not evaluated because the overall result will be `false` regardless of the right operand.

   let result = false && someFunction();  // someFunction() will not be called

   

2. Logical OR (`||`) Short-Circuiting:

   - If the left operand of `||` is `true`, the right operand is not evaluated because the overall result will be `true` regardless of the right operand.

   let result = true || someFunction();  // someFunction() will not be called

Here's an example demonstrating short-circuiting in the context of a logical OR operation:

// Example using short-circuiting with logical OR (||)

let value = "Hello";

// The right side of || will not be evaluated if the left side is true

let result = value || "Default Value";

console.log(result);  // Outputs: "Hello"

In this example, the right operand of `||` ("Default Value") is not evaluated because the left operand (`value`) is truthy. Since the left operand is true, the overall result of the expression is determined, and there is no need to evaluate the right operand.

Short-circuiting is a useful concept in JavaScript for improving efficiency and avoiding unnecessary computations, especially when dealing with conditional logic. It's important to be aware of this behavior when writing code that involves logical operators.